Inventions+(1-3)

a. Telegraph- Inventors Samuel F. B. Morse, Alexander Graham Bell In 1832 Samuel F. B. Morse, who had an assistant Alfred Vail, came up with the idea for an electromechanical telegraph, which he called the "Recording Telegraph." This commercial application of electricity was made useable by their construction of a crude working model in 1835-36. The new system of communication was now allowing people to contact people over long distances without traveling. Later in the 1870's two inventors of the electrical telegraph one of who was Elisha Gray. The two inventors had both designed the device but Alexander Graham Bell had gotten to the patent office for the telegraph first. The electrical telegraph allowed for the person to talk with another person using electricity to convey messages. The Telegraph had allowed communications technology to further advance. The Telegraph had made way for inventions like the telephone, which we still use today. The telephone however allows the caller to communicate with someone without being attached to wires; some phones are even used without using your hands. The Future of the telephone is still to be determined. The possibilities are limitless with technology use at an all time high and still getting higher. The Group feels that the telephone will be obsolete and a new way of communication will be invented due to the advances in microchip technology.

b. Electricity- Invention Of Electricity was not done overnight. The invention of electricity can be seen as far back as 600 B.C. in the different writings such as the Thales of Miletus. In the history of electricity, there has not be one single defining moment. The way we produce, distribute, install, and use electricity and the devices it powers is the culmination of nearly 300 years of research and development. Robert Boyle realized that attraction and repulsion were mutual and that electric force was transmitted through a vacuum. Stephen Gray distinguished between conductors and nonconductors. C. F. Du Fay recognized two kinds of electricity, which Benjamin Franklin and Ebenezer Kinnersley of Philadelphia later named positive and negative! Electricity has come a long way from the early/late 1800s. Today’s use of electricity is more efficient for the environment and the people that use it. Back in the 1800s people were fascinated by the invention of the light bulb and being able to have light, today, although, cars such as Hybrids are being run by electricity. Today’s fascinations are by far different and more advanced than in earlier years. As time continues the group feels that technology and electricity will only advance in higher levels such as all cars will be electric instead of gas and simple things such as cell phones will advance to inserted micro-chips. The lighting in rooms will be able to differentiate on the person’s mood at that moment, etc. we have based this decision on the facts of the above timeline. as you can see as time progresses so does the advancement of electricity! It seems as if every 5-20 years pass, another great invention is made. This will only lead to more advance living styles and environment status.

c. Railroads- As early as 1550, wagon ways in Germany made travel easier. Wagons and carts could move easier on wagon ways than on dirt roads. By 1776, wagon ways were advancing. Iron replaced wood in the rails, and wheels were put on the carts. These wagon ways evolved into tramways and spread throughout Europe. William Jessup invented the first wagons with flanged wheels later in 1789. These wheels had a groove in them, which better allowed them to grip the rails. This design was crucial and carried over to the design of future locomotives. The first steam engine tramway was built in 1803. In 1825, Stockton & Darlington Railroad Company was the first to carry both goods and passengers on regular schedules. As years went on, railroads were often tweaked to make them faster, safer, and more comfortable. Railroads continue to advance as we speak. Today, railroads are available for travel all over the world and provide a safe, fast, and easy alternate to roadways. As railroads have continued to become safer, faster, and more comfortable, i predict that there will soon be railroads that will be able to carry passengers comfortably at speeds nearly as fast as air carriers. Seeing as these will be more convenient, earth-friendly, and cheaper, it will spread and take over much of the worlds travel.

d. Bessemer Process of Steel Production- Involves the industrial process for the manufacture of steel from molten pig iron. The principle involved is that of oxidation of the impurities in the iron by the oxygen of air that is blown through the molten iron; the heat of oxidation raises the temperature of the mass and keeps it molten during operation. The process is carried on in a large container called the Bessemer converter, which is made of steel and has a lining of silica and clay or of dolomite. The capacity is from 8 to 30 tons of molten iron; the usual charge is 15 or 18 tons. The converter is egg-shaped. At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out. The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations (tuyères) through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation. The container is set on pivots (trunnions) so that it can be tilted at an angle to receive the charge, turned upright during the “blow,” and inclined for pouring the molten steel after the operation is complete. As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag. Dolomite is used as the converter lining when the phosphorus content is high; the process is then called basic Bessemer. The silica and clay lining is used in the acid Bessemer, in which phosphorus is not removed. In order to provide the elements necessary to give the steel the desired properties, another substance (often spiegeleisen, an iron-carbon-manganese alloy) is usually added to the molten metal after the oxidation is completed. The converter is then emptied into ladles from which the steel is poured into molds. The whole process is completed in 15 to 20 min. This process has allowed major cities like Pittsburgh to manufacture steel in an easier way that has faster production. In the future is is most likely that a new process will be invented that is quicker and doesn't put so much pollution into the air. People may even find on alternate source of metal and start using that for manufacturing.



Group 3