Kayla,+Dani,+Liz,+Alina,+Mark

World War 1 Project:

Was put in the hand in folder.
 * Video:**


 * Podcast:**

http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/World-War-I-36
 * Timeline:**


 * Political Cartoon:**


 * Diary Entries:**

Ray Dunn's Diary Entries: March 17, 1918 Lately I have been so tired from fighting in this arduous war. Any free time that I have is devoted to sleeping; I am extremely fatigued. As I continue to fight in this war I notice that each countr y has their own specific and unique uniform. The British soldiers are usually seen wearing a dull green tunic and trousers made of thick wool. They also have a cap made of the same material as the uniform. I like the British uniform, because it has two breast pockets and two smaller pockets which could be used to store personal items. I'm sure that they have some internal pockets where you could store even more things which would be useful since I like to carry many things with me. The Canadians have much similar uniforms to the British although they have more buttons. Each unit of the Canadians has their own color that corresponds to their specific area of work. The only color that I noticed the color relation was the dark blue uniforms which were symbolic to the infantry unit. The last distinctive uniform that I noticed was the French, they have a blue cap, tunic and coat with red trousers. I have been able to tell the regimens apart much easier by gaining this knowledge on their uniforms. Since I wrote this down I can better remember it and always come back to it for future reference. I am going to hit the hay and get some sleep. (Liz) March 22, 1918 I sit here writing in my journal sitting in the trench. The appalling stench of rotten carcases is now my supply of air to my lungs. Trench foot going around right now. Trench foot is a fungal infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary trench conditions. A solider I know got trench foot and had to have his leg amputated. I've been lucky and have not caught either yet. I keep going in and out of sleep, but am awaken by shots fired in the distance. We had our daily "stand to" today. This was our daily routine. Each morning we are roused to get up an hour before dawn and climb up on the fire step to guard a raid by the enemy. I hate waking up early, but its something you have to do. Last night I could hardly sleep. All I could hear was the scampering rats running through the trenches. Thinking of the rats munching on dead corpses made my stomach turn. I am exasperated and afraid of rats. They can produce up to 900 offspring a year and spread infections and contaminate the food. So not only do you need to worry about them biting you, but also if they contaminated your food your about to eat. Well I have to go do my daily chores with consist of refilling sand bags, draining the trenches, and repair the duckboards on the floor. (Kayla)

March 24, 1918 I feel as if I should give you some background on what is causing the destruction I see happening all around me. They have invented many new weapons, ways to kill more people in the fastest amount of time. You have probably heard of the machine gun since it was used during our own civil war... this particular gun is the most effective and used the most over here. It fires up to 600 bullets per minute and can wipe out an entire row of soldiers. The sound of the constant firing of this gun keeps me up at night, repeating over and over again in my head. It's a constant nightmare and headache all wrapped in one. I hate the machine guns. Another sound that keeps swarming through my head is these darn cannons. They use them all of the time, they say that there has never been a war that we have used so many cannons! You have to constinently be aware of the sky and you learn to distinguish how far away the bombs are hitting by how loud of a sound they make. Another things the Germans are starting to use against everyone is gas gerenades. They seem to be quite effective for them, very scary for us. I hope this shows how confusing all of these new inventions have been to learn about and try to deal with. We are hanging on and hopefully we can come out on top despite all of these crazy weapons. Oh, here comes our commanding officer... I will write more later. (Dani) April 12, 1918 Four days ago there was an attack in the North. Everyone is calling the attack the Lys offensive. It was the second attack of a series of attacks the German is calling the Kaiserschlacht. There is word going around that there might be another attack. I hope my wound has healed by then. During the attack I was shot in the arm while fighting. Luckily it is a small wound and the bullet grazed my arm. Hopefully I will be serving my country again in a few weeks. They suggested that I should go on leave but I refused. I may hate the conditions here but I need to fight. I need to help my country and continue what others cannot finish. There are a lot of people around me that are wound at the moment. A few have lost limbs and others are unconscious. I know that I will never be able to forget the people here. Even though I am scared to go back and fight I will not give up. I don’t know if this war will end soon but I really hope it will. (Alina)


 * Information On Topics:**

**-New types of weapons**: Machine Gun. Four to six operators 400-600 small-calibre rounds per minute Would become over heated Water and air cooled it Grouped together to make a defensive position Zeppelin: "Blimp" Airship Carried machine guns and bombs Were abandoned because easy to shoot out of sky Can lift heavier loads and can be equipped with more powerful engines Made of rings and longitudinal girders Torpedoes: Used by submarines Germans used to blow up ships "Naval mine" Self propelled explosive weapon Launched above or below water surface, propelled underwater, and come into contact to a target Flamethrowers: Spread fire by launching burning fuel Tubes filled with burning solids Blowing into one end of tube, material inside would be propelled towards enemies Rifle: Used in trenches 15 rounds could be fired in one minute A person 1,400 meters away could be shot All different kinda of rifles were used such as Mauser Model 98, Ross Rifle, Lebel 1896 Number one infantry weapon Accuracy around 600

Propaganda campaigns and war restrictions and rations had been implemented by governments War gave science greater importance Medical and scientific communities had developed new theories and applied them to prevention, diagnostics and treatment of the influenza patients
 * -Flu Epidemic**: 1918-1919, killed more people than Great War(WWI) Killed between 20 and 40 million people Started as common cold Circled the globe Thought to have originated in China War brought virus back to US for the second time Sept of 1918 in Boston, known as "three-day-fever" Influenza affected the war, fleets were ill and men on front were too sick to fight Shortage of physicians because of money Lungs filed with fluid; suffocated to death War enabled virus to spread and diffuse Medical students cared for the sick because physicians cared for wounded from war Gauze mask were handed out to wear in public Stores couldn't hold sales Funerals were limited to 15 minutes

**-Committee on Propaganda-** changing the names of hamburgers- because it was too German- didn’t want them to promote the German way of thinking On April 13, 1917, Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) to promote the war domestically while publicizing American war aims abroad. Wilson was going to have to sell WWI to the American People Needed someone in charge who could put together a plan- Committee for Public Information Countries first and only Propaganda Agency designed to promote a war The man that Wilson chose to lead it was journalist named George Creel His job was to mobilize the American people to support the us government to support the fight over seas that was taking place in Europe A handbook for journalist of what to write about and write about positive, happy events Congress acted swiftly to kill CPI 2 Days after the war – was disbanded after the war—militates against a free exchange of ideas

Just a slang term for American Soldiers. Why they were called dough boys-buttons on uniforms –looked like dough. “Yanks”
 * -Dough boys-** isolated at first,but then joined the war as dough boys.

--President Wilson wrote what he thought the world should be like in his Fourteen Points. The US never signed it He had already written about what he believed the world should be like in his "Fourteen Points" The main points in this document were: 1. No more secret treaties 2. Countries must seek to reduce their weapons and their armed forces 3. National self-determination should allow people of the same nationality to govern themselves and one nationality should not have the power to govern another 4. All countries should belong to the League of Nations Having surrendered and changed governments, Germans expected a negotiated peace. But the Allies were determined to receive reparation for their losses and to see that their enemy was never again in a position to endanger them. Accordingly, they imposed the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany in 1919. Germany was forced to surrender Alsace-Lorraine to France and West Prussia to Poland, creating a Polish corridor between Germany and East Prussia. Germany also lost its colonies and had to give up most of its coal, trains, merchant ships, and navy. It had to limit its army and submit to occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. Worst of all, Germany had to accept full responsibility for causing the war and, consequently, pay its total cost- more than $300 billion in gold.   **-THE LEND-LEASE ACT ** -March 11 1941 President Roosevelt signed the Lend-Lease Act -US sent over 50 billion dollars to allies using the act -Brought US closer to evolvement in WW1 -Gave President unlimited authority to direct material aid -ammunition -tanks -airplanes -trucks -food -Expanded Act to include China and Soviet Union within months -Initially for Great Britain -By end of war -$49,100,000,000 extended -extended to more than 40 nations -Lease did not sacrifice US neutrality -30 billion to Great Britian -11 billion to Soviet Union -1 billion to China -Less than 10 billion was repaid -Helped Soviet Union get Germans out of territory -Accelerated the end of the war -Passed on dec 29, 1940 -Eliminated "cash and carry" policy -April 11, 1945 bill was sent to white house to extend Act -Ended August 21,1945
 * -Treaty of Versailles-** ended World War I between Germany and the Allied nations. On 6 October 1918, Prince Max von Baden, the Reich Chancellor, appealed to President Woodrow Wilson to take steps leading to an armistice based on Wilson's Fourteen Points--

-Sent message to Mexico proposing alliance against US -January 1917 the telegram from german foreign minister zimmerman to US offering territory to mexico so they would join the german cause -helped draw US into the war -The british waited till Febuary to show the US the telegram -April 6,1917 US formally declared war on Germanyand it's allies -Changed the course of history
 * -ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM**

The Zimmerman Telegram: FROM 2nd from London # 5747.  "We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN.

 **-Selective Service Act** All men between the ages of 21 and 30 years of age had to induct into the war. Exemptions from the service were granted to men whom had dependent families, indispensable duties at home, or physical disabilities. By the end of world war 1 2,800,000 men had been inducted. After U.S entered world war II a new selective service act made between the ages of 18 and 45 liable for military service and required all men between the ages of 18 and 65 to register. A new selective service act was passed in 1948 that required all men between the ages of 19 and 26 liable for induction for 21 month's of service, which would be followed by 5 years of reserve duty. When the Koren war broke out, the 1948 law was replaced by the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1951. Length of service was extended to 24 months, and the minimum age for induction was now 18 1/2 years. The purpose of the Reserve Forces act of 1955 was to strengthen the reserve forces and of the National Guard. It required 6 years of duty, both reserve and active duty. The Military Selective Service act of 1967 required all men between 18 and 26 years of age to register for the service. The poor were mad because they were being drafted before the rich. In 1980, congress changed the draft registrations to men between the ages of 18 and 25 years of age and for the draft to be picked in a random lottery. Many men fled the country avoiding the draft but were later found and were to serve jail time.

 **-Trench Warfare** The quick firing artillery was to dangerous for soldiers to remain in the open, so they made trenches that help the soldiers remain undercover while fighting. They developed a complex System, behind the front line of trenches lay a secondary trench line, built in zig-zag patterns to contain the blast from enemy, shells and prevent the enemy, should he capture part of a trench shooting along the entire line of the trench. Trenches usually 4 to 5 feet deep, further built up with 3 ft. of sandbags. Wooden duckboards formed a walkway over the sludge of water and mud. there were dugouts to shelter troops, firing steps to let the soldiers see above the sandbags parapet to shot at the enemy, and periscopes to let them observe the other side without exposing themselves to fire. No matter how well built the trenches were, trenches were still wet and muddy, infested with rats and worst of all, within range of artillery and sniper fire. The trenches are used for improving defense, writing letters or waiting for something to happen. Rat infestation, there were two types of rats brown and black. The brown rat was most feared. Goring themselves on human remains and growing to the size of cats. The rats could have up to 900 offspring in a year, spreading infections and contaminating food. Lice were also a big problem, breeding in the seams of filthy clothing and causing men to itch uncontrollable. The lice caused trench fever, a particularly painful disease that began suddenly with severe pain followed by a high fever. Recovery, stay away from the trenches for up to twelve weeks. Frogs were found in shells holes covered in water, they were also found in the base of the trenches. Slugs and horned beetles crowded the sides of the trenches. Trench foot was a fungal infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary trench conditions. trench foot could lead to amputation. In 1915 the trench foot rapidly started to fade.